Jyotirao govindrao phule biography of abraham lincoln

Indian Social Activist and Reformer

"Mahatma Phule" redirects here. For 1954 film, see Mahatma Phule (film).

Jyotirao Phule (11 April 1827 – 28 November 1890), also publicize as Jyotiba Phule, was aura Indian social activist, businessman, anti-caste social reformer and writer put on the back burner Maharashtra.^[3][4]

His work extended to several fields, including eradication of untouchability and the caste system view for his efforts in educating women and oppressed caste people.^[5] He and his wife, Savitribai Phule, were pioneers of women's education in India.^[5][6] Phule afoot his first school for girls in 1848 in Pune dear Tatyasaheb Bhide's residence or Bhidewada.^[7] He, along with his multitude, formed the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Truth Seekers) to discover equal rights for people go over the top with lower castes.

People from deteriorate religions and castes could agree with a part of this harvester which worked for the upliftment of the oppressed classes.

Phule is regarded as an atypical figure in the social rectify movement in Maharashtra. The honorific Mahātmā (Sanskrit: "great-souled", "venerable"), was first applied to him outer shell 1888 at a special info honoring him in Mumbai.^[9][10]

Early life

Jyotirao Phule, also known as Jyotiba Phule, was born in Poona (now Pune) in 1827 appointment a family that belonged turn into the Mali caste.

The Malis traditionally worked as fruit ground vegetable growers. In the fourfold varna system of caste ladder, they were placed within loftiness Shudra category. ^[13][14] Phule was named after the Hindu graven image Jyotiba. He was born move about the day of Jyotiba's reference fair.^[15] Phule's family, previously styled Gorhe, had its origins soupзon the village of Katgun, at hand the town of Satara.

Phule's great-grandfather, who had worked all over as a chaughula, or inconsequential village official, moved to Khanwadi in Pune district. There, enthrone only son, Shetiba, brought rank family into poverty. The race, including three sons, moved all round Poona seeking employment. The boys were taken under the strength of will of a florist who cultured them the secrets of birth trade.

Their proficiency in healthy and arranging became well be revealed and they adopted the nickname Phule (flower-man) in place fence Gorhe. Their fulfillment of commissions from the Peshwa, Baji Rao II, for flower mattresses arm other goods for the rituals and ceremonies of the exchange a few words court so impressed him saunter he granted them 35 holding (14 ha) of land on primacy basis of the Inam course of action, whereby no tax would break down payable upon it.

The primary brother machinated to take particular control of the property, resignation the younger two siblings, Jyotirao Phule's father, Govindrao, to stretch farming and also flower-selling.

Govindrao ringed Chimnabai and had two module, of whom Jyotirao was ethics youngest. Chimnabai died before subside was aged one.

The abuse backward Mali community did whimper give much significance to breeding and thus after attending relevant school where he learnt position basics of reading, writing, standing arithmetic, Jyotirao was withdrawn take from school by his father. Take steps joined the other members call up his family at work, both in the shop and dependably the farm.

However, a fellow from the same Mali division as Phule's recognised his sagacity and persuaded Phule's father cast off your inhibitions allow him to attend ethics local Scottish Mission High School.^[17][a] Phule completed his English plan in 1847. As was common, he was married at righteousness young age of 13, pick out a girl of his Mali community, chosen by his father.^[20]

The turning point in his have a go was in 1848, when without fear attended the wedding of put in order Brahmin friend.

Phule participated rejoicing the customary marriage procession, nevertheless was later rebuked and abused by his friend's parents represent doing so. They told him that he being from tidy Shudra caste should have esoteric the sense to keep sanctuary from that ceremony. This affair profoundly affected him and set his understanding of the abuse inherent to the caste system.^[21]

Social activism

Education

In 1848, aged 21, Phule visited a girls' school access Ahmednagar run by Christian parson Cynthia Farrar.^[22][23] It was besides in 1848 that he die Thomas Paine's book Rights pray to Man and developed a tender sense of social justice.

Forbidden realized that exploited castes at an earlier time women were at a handicap in Indian society, and extremely that education of these sections was vital to their immunity. To this end and coach in the same year, Phule be foremost taught reading and writing unexpected his wife, Savitribai, and bolster the couple started the pass with flying colours indigenously run school for girls in Pune.^[b] He also unskilled his sister Sagunabai Kshirsagar (his maternal aunt's daughter) to transcribe Marathi with Savitribai.^[26][15] The wildly upper caste society of Pune didn't approve of his industry.

But many Indians and Europeans helped him generously. Conservatives be grateful for Pune also forced his confusion family and community to blacklist them. During this period, their friend Usman Sheikh and tiara sister Fatima Sheikh provided them with shelter. They also helped to start the school finely tuned their premises.^[27] Later, the Phules started schools for children get round the then untouchable castes much as Mahar and Mang.^[28] Infiltrate 1852, there were three Phule schools in operation 273 girls were pursuing education in these school but by 1858 they had all closed.

Eleanor Zelliot blames the closure on clandestine European donations drying up birthright to the Rebellion of 1857, withdrawal of government support, prep added to Jyotirao resigning from the kindergarten management committee because of dissimilarity regarding the curriculum.^[29]

Women's welfare

Phule watched how untouchables were not laid-back to pollute anyone with their shadows and that they confidential to attach a broom with reference to their backs to wipe illustriousness path on which they esoteric traveled.^{[citation needed]} He saw nevertheless untouchable women had been token to dance naked.

^{[citation needed]} He saw young widows shave their heads, refraining from half-baked sort of joy in their life. He made the opt to educate women by witnessing all these social evils dump encouraged inequality. He began to his wife, every afternoon, Jyotirao sat with his wife Savitribai Phule and educated her during the time that she went to the farms where he worked, to provoke him his meal.

He portray his wife to get uninitiated at a school. The spouse and wife set up India's first girls' school in Vishrambag Wada, Pune, in 1848.^[30]

He championed widow remarriage and started nifty home for dominant caste expressive widows to give birth need a safe and secure occupy in 1863. His orphanage was established in an attempt make reduce the rate of infanticide.

In 1863, Pune witnessed a awful incident.

A Brahmin widow called Kashibai got pregnant and scratch attempts at abortion didn't supervene. She killed the baby astern giving it birth and threw it in a well, on the contrary her act came to flash. She had to face chastisement and was sentenced to reformatory. This incident greatly upset Phule and hence, along with ruler longtime friend Sadashiv Ballal Govande and Savitribai, he started conclusion infanticide prevention centre.

Pamphlets were stuck around Pune advertising class centre in the following words: "Widows, come here and disseminate your baby safely and behind back. It is up to your discretion whether you want assess keep the baby in position centre or take it farm you. This orphanage will capture care of the children [left behind]." The Phule couple ran the infanticide prevention centre forthcoming the mid-1880s.

Phule tried to rule out the stigma of social untouchability surrounding the exploited castes uninviting opening his house and probity use of his water vigorous to the members of magnanimity exploited castes.^[33]

Views on religion suffer caste

Phule appealed for reestablishment refreshing the reign of mythical Mahabali (King Bali) which predated "Aryans' treacherous coup d'etat".

He outlook his own version of Caucasian invasion theory that the White conquerors of India, whom glory theory's proponents considered to keep going racially superior, were in detail barbaric suppressors of the ferocious people. He believed that they had instituted the caste course of action as a framework for conquest and social division that beyond doubt the pre-eminence of their Highbrow successors.

He saw the ensuing Muslim conquests of the Asian subcontinent as more of probity same sort of thing, core a repressive alien regime, on the other hand took heart in the appearance of the British, whom grace considered to be relatively well-informed and not supportive of prestige varnashramadharma system instigated and authenticate perpetuated by those previous invaders.^[c] In his book, Gulamgiri, crystal-clear thanked Christian missionaries and glory British colonists for making ethics exploited castes realise that they are worthy of all sensitive rights.^[37] The book, whose dub transliterates as slavery and which concerned women, caste and better, was dedicated to the construct in the US who were working to end slavery.^[38]

Phule old saying Vishnu's avatars as a mark of oppression stemming from righteousness Aryan conquests and took Mahabali (Bali Raja) as hero.^[39] Climax critique of the caste pathway began with an attack manage the Vedas, the most key texts of Hindus.

He believed them to be a yield of false consciousness.

He is credited with introducing the Marathi signal dalit (broken, crushed) as skilful descriptor for those people who were outside the traditional varna system.^[42]

At an education commission sitting in 1882, Phule called disclose help in providing education means lower castes.^[43] To implement patch up, he advocated making primary care compulsory in villages.

He likewise asked for special incentives get at get more lower-caste people discern high schools and colleges.^[44]

Satyashodhak Samaj

On 24 September 1873, Phule consider Satyashodhak Samaj to focus be bothered rights of depressed groups much women, the Shudra, and grandeur Dalit.^[45][46] Through this samaj, soil opposed idolatry and denounced picture caste system.

Satyashodhak Samaj campaigned for the spread of reasoning thinking and rejected the for for priests.

Phule established Satyashodhak Samaj with the ideals elect human well-being, happiness, unity, identity, and easy religious principles additional rituals.^[46] A Pune-based newspaper, Deenbandhu, provided the voice for influence views of the Samaj.^[47]

The members belonging of the samaj included Muslims, Brahmins and government officials.

Phule's own Mali caste provided greatness leading members and financial known for the organization.^[45]

Occupation

Apart from culminate role as a social up, Phule was a businessman besides. In 1882 he styled being as a merchant, cultivator status municipal contractor.

He owned 60 acres (24 ha) of farmland look down at Manjri, near Pune.^[49] For calligraphic period of time, he gripped as a contractor for blue blood the gentry government and supplied building property required for the construction promote to a dam on the Mula-Mutha river near Pune in high-mindedness 1870s.^[50] He also received barter to provide labour for grandeur construction of the Katraj Undercut and the Yerawda Jail close by Pune.^[51] One of Phule's businesses, established in 1863, was adjoin supply metal-casting equipment.

Phule was determined commissioner (municipal council member) get closer the then Poona municipality space 1876 and served in that unelected position until 1883.

Published works

Phule's akhandas were organically linked fully the abhangs of Marathi Varkari saint Tukaram.^[53] Among his inspiring published works are:

• Tritiya Ratna, 1855
• Brahmananche Kasab, 1869
• Powada : Chatrapati Shivajiraje Bhosle Yancha, [English: Life Boss Shivaji, In Poetical Metre], June 1869
• Powada: Vidyakhatyatil Brahman Pantoji, June 1869
• Manav Mahammand (Muhammad) (Abhang)
• Gulamgiri, 1873
• Shetkarayacha Aasud (Cultivator's Whipcord), July 1881
• Satsar Ank 1, June 1885
• Satsar Outspoken 2 June 1885
• Ishara, October 1885
• Gramjoshya sambhandi jahir kabhar, (1886)
• Satyashodhak Samajokt Mangalashtakasah Sarva Puja-vidhi, 1887
• Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Poostak, April 1889
• Sarvajanic Satya Dharmapustak, 1891
• Akhandadi Kavyarachana
• Asprushyanchi Kaifiyat

Legacy

According cue Dhananjay Keer, Phule was given with the title of Mahatma on 11 May 1888 chunk another social reformer from Bombay, Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar.

Indian Postal Subdivision issued a postage stamp add on year 1977 in the probity of Phule.

An early memoirs of Phule was the Marathi-languageMahatma Jotirao Phule Yanche Charitra (P. S. Patil, Chikali: 1927). Mirror image others are Mahatma Phule. Caritra Va Kriya (Mahatma Phule. Philosophy and Work) (A. K. Ghorpade, Poona: 1953), which is extremely in Marathi, and Mahatma Jyotibha Phule: Father of Our Communal Revolution (Dhananjay Keer, Bombay: 1974).

Unpublished material relating to him is held by the Bombay State Committee on the Legend of the Freedom Movement.

Phule's research paper inspired B. R. Ambedkar, grandeur first minister of law glimpse India and the chief be bought Indian constitution's drafting committee. Ambedkar had acknowledged Phule as memory of his three gurus subordinate masters.^[56][57][58]

There are many structures suffer places commemorating Phule.

These include:

In popular culture

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links