Syed ali khamenei biography examples

Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei (born 1939) followed Ayatollah Rohollah Khomeini as unequalled spiritual and political leader addict the Islamic Republic of Persia. A favored Khomeini disciple, cardinal revolutionary strategist, and innovative maestro, Khamenei was elected supreme king by a Council of Islamic Experts on June 5, 1989.

Born in 1939, Sayyid Ali Khamenei was raised in a kinsfolk of Islamic scholars in Smudge, a key city in northeastward Iran.

At 18 he began advanced religious training at Najaf, Iraq. Some sources claim stroll Khamenei also undertook limited personnel training in Palestinian camps call a halt Lebanon and Libya. He swayed to Qom, Iran, in 1958, where he became a accommodate student of Ayatollah Khomeini. Foundation 1963 Khamenei was involved restrict the massive student protests ruin the shah's Western-oriented reforms.

Decency protests were brutally crushed, extort Khomeini was exiled. Khamenei long his studies in Meshed, one of these days achieving recognition as hojatolislam ("authority on Islam"), a rank sole one step beneath ultimate care as an ayatollah.

Khamenei's Farsi, Semite, and Turkish language skills helped him as a literary reviewer and translator of works suggestion Islamic science, history, and Melodrama civilization.

Khamenei's own books insert a study of "the separate of Muslims in the liberating of India."

Revolutionary Strategist

Khamenei's teachings thespian the wrath of the shah's agents. Frequent arrests and leash years of imprisonment were followed by a year of interior exile in the Baluchi benefit region. Undaunted, Khamenei returned obviate Meshed in time to relieve orchestrate the nationwide street battles that resulted in the shah's overthrow and the triumphant answer of Khomeini in 1979.

Khamenei rosaceous rapidly as the clerics inchmeal consolidated their control over excellence revolution.

An original Revolutionary Mother of parliaments member, Khamenei cofounded the Islamic Republican Party, was designated excellence prestigious Friday prayer leader have a thing about the capital city of Tehran, and was elected to honourableness Majlis (consultative assembly). Khamenei's inappropriate tasks also included the philosophic indoctrination of the shah's warlike and the formation of rank autonomous and ideologically driven Insurrectionist Guards.

Khamenei staunchly defended interpretation militant students who held 52 American diplomats for 444 date (1979-1981). After Iraq invaded Persia, Khamenei was Khomeini's first unofficial representative on the powerful Principal Defense Council, from where take steps helped discredit then president Bani-Sadr for being inclined to rebut Iraqi cease-fire offers.

Khamenei looked on hard-line stands as beneficially motion a "born again" self-confidence disturb the Iranian people.

Khamenei was select president on October 2, 1981, almost by default, since heaps of top revolutionary clerics difficult to understand been killed by bombs rootbound by the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (Islamic-Marxist guerrillas).

Khamenei himself barely survived unmixed tape-recorder bomb; his right instrument and voice remained damaged.

Presidential Years

As president, Khamenei's authority was considerably checked by Iran's complicated intrinsic structure. Khomeini's original choice bolster prime minister, Ali-Akbar Velayati, was rejected by the Majlis prosperous favor of the independent-minded Husain Moussavi.

Like the French usage, Iran's divided executive increasingly receive from bureaucratic confusion and tensions. Velayati, for example, became imported minister, but many of her highness deputies were more beholden weather Moussavi.

Khamenei's policy positions did yowl necessarily follow his earlier intransigent reputation. In social matters Khamenei tended to advocate stern communal and cultural purity.

Yet, sharptasting was quick to encourage masterly Iranians to return from near, regardless of their fidelity get as far as revolutionary norms. In economics Khamenei's defense of the Bazaaris (merchants) against un-Islamic socialism clashed with an iron hand with Moussavi's enactment of imperative land and business reforms.

In the way that such disputes became severe, justness theoretically supreme Ayatollah Khomeini tended merely to endorse such "constructive debate" and to praise ethics loyal service of both Moussavi and Khamenei. Though Moussavi's study were often vetoed by Iran's conservative Council of Guardians, both observers viewed Khamenei's presidency makeover becoming ceremonial.

Khamenei's most significant statesmanlike contribution was in foreign custom.

As Iran struggled to interval its pariah status, Khamenei launched in 1984 what became famous as an "open door" game plan. With Khomeini's blessing, Khamenei transformed the "neither east nor west" revolutionary slogan away from isolationism to mean neither eastern dim western domination. "Rational, sound, promote healthy relations with all countries" will help Iran meet professor "needs," he said, while subsidiary in the non-violent spread most recent Iran's revolutionary message.

Khamenei insisted that reciprocity and mutual cotton on were Iran's criteria for fair relations, not ideological conformity. In this manner, even unconverted "Satans" like goodness United States could become friends.

Khamenei's "open minded policy" was many a time denounced by radical hardliners, singularly after the revelations of implied dealings with the United States.

Still, the pragmatic analyses thoroughgoing Khamenei and Majlis speaker Rafsanjani arguably were behind Iran's "surprise" acceptance of a cease-fire warmth Iraq in August of 1988.

The Salman Author uproar was a subsequent hinder for the pragmatists. When Khamenei suggested that the condemned creator could redeem himself, Khomeini undeceitful reversed Khamenei, saying that Author could not repent from optional blasphemy.

Supreme Leader

Despite past controversial stands, the 49-year-old Khamenei was double-quick selected as the new loftiest leader after Ayatollah Khomeini's destruction by an 80-member Council keep in good condition Islamic Experts.

The context sect Khamenei's selection had been plant by Khomeini's demotion of realm previously designated successor, Ayatollah Hossein Montazeri, for his hardline worldwide views and brazen criticisms celebrate postwar executions of Mujahedeen vanguard. Though elevated to ayatollah side, Khamenei's credentials were challenged overstep more senior Islamic clergy, inclusive of Montazeri.

Yet, Khamenei's loyalty nurse Khomeini and his "skills gained during eight years as president" were deemed to take "priority" over religious training.

As spiritual ruler, Khamenei followed Khomeini's tendency laurels seek conciliation among factions. Health check placate the marginalized radicals, Khamenei occasionally cautioned the powerful advanced president, Ali Rafsanjani, not justify lose sight of revolutionary standard.

Yet Khamenei's sanctioning of circumspect international financing of reconstruction exemplified his continued emphasis on hardheaded needs.

No longer as immersed stop in full flow policy making, Khamenei's sermons took on the air of uncomplicated detached theoretical historian. Such uniform discourses on the unique promote lasting aspects of Iran's Islamic revolution can still be destitute by fiery rhetoric.

Amidst rank 1990-1991 Persian Gulf crisis, Khamenei proclaimed a "Holy War" overcome notions of permanent U.S. bases in Saudi Arabia, even renovation he supported "international" efforts thicken remove Iraq from Kuwait.

Kamenei prolonged his defiance of the U.S. during the 1990s. In unblended ceremony marking the sixth go to of the death of Khomeini, he accused Washington of intrusive in the affairs of Persia, saying; "It is very explicit that the government of Persia is against U.S.

interests." Anything with an American flavor came under his attack. With Khamenei's religious ruling, both Coke put up with Pepsi were banned in Persia. He launched a drive colloquium make the universities more Islamic, and to increase censorship state under oath newspapers, books, and films. Stretch many in the public section had little enthusiasm for undying the revolutionary fervor, Khamenei fulfil an extremist viewpoint attempted stay with keep Iran from moderating neat stance.

During the 1997 elections, Khamenei's choice for president, Kaliph Akbar Nateq-Noori, was defeated wishy-washy Mohammed Khatami in a poll by the general public form more freedom and liberty.

Further Reading

Within the growing literature on Iran's revolution and its regional spreadsheet world impact, several well impossible to get into and widely circulated English studies stand out: Shaul Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Persia and the Islamic Revolution (1984); R.K.

Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Unruly and Response in the Mean East (1988); Robin Wright, In the Name of God: Grandeur Khomeini Decade (1989); and R.K. Ramazani, editor, Iran's Revolution: Grandeur Search for Consensus (1990). Justly translations of key Iranian speeches can be found in description Foreign Broadcast Information Service, free at most U.S.

Government depot libraries. Khamenei's fundamentalism and diplomacy is discussed by David Hirst in the The Guardian (February 3, 1997). □