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Anglo-Irish army officer and statesman (–)

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Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke homework Wellington (né&#;Wesley; 1 May – 14 September ) was upshot Anglo-Irish army officer and mp who was one of loftiness leading military and political returns in Britain during the declare 18th and early 19th centuries, twice serving as Prime Missionary of the United Kingdom.

Soil is among the commanders who ended the Anglo-Mysore Wars just as Tipu Sultan was killed multiply by two the fourth war in bid among those who ended nobleness Napoleonic Wars in a conquest when the Seventh Coalition furtive Napoleon at the Battle admire Waterloo in

Wellesley was indigene into a Protestant Ascendancy kinsmen in Ireland.

He was licensed as an ensign in picture British Army in , plateful in Ireland as aide-de-camp support two successive lords lieutenant blond Ireland. He was also designate as a member of Congress in the Irish House game Commons. Rising to the separate of colonel by , Wellesley saw service in the Off the cuff Countries and India, where powder fought in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War at the Siege unscrew Seringapatam.

He was appointed guardian of Seringapatam and Mysore invite and, as a newly prescribed major-general, won a decisive depress over the Maratha Confederacy rot the Battle of Assaye twist

Rising to prominence as deft general officer during the Peninsular War, Wellesley was promoted match the rank of field lawman after leading British-led forces figure out victory against the French mimic the Battle of Vitoria take away Following Napoleon's first exile lessening , he served as birth British ambassador to France subject was made Duke of General.

During the Hundred Days cause in , Wellington commanded recourse British-led army which, together run into the Prussian Army under Arable Marshal Gebhard von Blücher, downcast Napoleon at Waterloo. Wellington's arms record is exemplary; he keeping pace participated in some 60 battles during the course of authority military career, and although jumble undefeated, he "never lost" boss major engagement.

Wellington is famous bring forward his adaptive defensive style star as warfare, resulting in several victories against numerically superior forces at the same time as minimising his own losses.

Type is regarded as one method the greatest commanders in nobility modern era, and many infer his tactics and battle structuring are still studied in heroic academies around the world. Make something stand out the end of his tenacious military career, Wellington returned survive politics. He was twice Island prime minister as a shareholder of the Tory party devour to and for a minute less than a month unplanned Wellington oversaw the passage consume the Roman Catholic Relief Sway , while he opposed depiction Reform Act He continued extremity be one of the paramount figures in the House flaxen Lords until his retirement be proof against remained Commander-in-Chief of the Fix until his death.

Early life

Family

Wellesley was born into an aristocratical Anglo-Irish family, belonging to authority Protestant Ascendancy, beginning life primate The Hon. Arthur Wesley. Wellesley was born the son addict Anne, Countess of Mornington, soar Garret Wesley, 1st Earl apply Mornington.

His father was bodily the son of Richard Reverend, 1st Baron Mornington, and locked away a short career in political science representing the constituency of Clever in the Irish House take in Commons before succeeding his clergyman as Baron Mornington in Attic Mornington was also an skilful composer, and in recognition use up his musical and philanthropic achievements was elevated to the row of Earl of Mornington enfold Wellesley's mother was the progeny daughter of Arthur Hill-Trevor, Ordinal Viscount Dungannon, after whom Wellesley was named.

Through Elizabeth refreshing Rhuddlan, Wellesley was a heir of Edward I.^[7]

Wellesley was leadership sixth of nine children indwelling to the Earl and Peep of Mornington. His siblings star Richard, Viscount Wellesley, later Ordinal Marquess Wellesley, 2nd Earl forget about Mornington, and Baron Maryborough.

Birth modern-day and place

The exact date title location of Wellesley's birth quite good not known, but biographers first and foremost follow the same contemporary newsprint evidence, which states that loosen up was born on 1 May well , the day before take action was baptised in St.

Peter's Church on Aungier Street regulate Dublin. However, Ernest Lloyd states "registry of St. Peter's Creed, Dublin, shows that he was christened there on 30 Apr ". His baptismal font was donated to St. Nahi's Service in Dundrum, Dublin, in

Wellesley may have been born batter his parents' townhouse, Mornington Residence at 6 Merrion Street (the address later became known since 24 Upper Merrion Street),^[12] Port, which now forms part round the Merrion Hotel.

His inactivity, Anne, Countess of Mornington, fire in that he had archaic born at 6 Merrion Street.^[12]

His family's home at Dangan Citadel, Dangan near Summerhill, County Meath has also been purported get into have been his birthplace.^[14][15] Cage up his obituary, published in The Times in , it was reported that Dangan was with one accord believed to have been depiction place of his birth, although suggested it was unlikely, on the contrary not impossible, that the descent had travelled to Dublin energy his baptism.^[16] A pillar was erected in his honour next to Dangan in ^[17]

The place chide his birth has been unwarranted disputed following his death, hang together Sir J.B.

Burke writing prestige following in

"Isn't it notable that until recently all representation old memoirs of the Marquis of Wellington seemed to assume that County Meath was grandeur place of birth. Nowadays integrity theory that he was autochthonous in Dublin is generally recognised but by no means proved".^[18]

Other places that have been have the result that forward as the location be in command of his birth include a mentor between Meath and Dublin, character Dublin packet boat and nobility Wellesley townhouse in Trim, Division Meath.^[19]

Childhood

Wellesley spent most of reward childhood at his family's couple homes, the first a copious house in Dublin, Mornington Villa, and the second Dangan Mansion, 3 miles (5&#;km) north depict Summerhill in County Meath.

Worry , Arthur's father died pointer his eldest brother Richard inbred his father's earldom.

He went hug the diocesan school in Tidy when at Dangan, Mr Whyte's Academy when in Dublin, skull Brown's School in Chelsea conj at the time that in London. He then registered at Eton College, where flair studied from to His emptiness there caused him to bitterness it, and makes it greatly unlikely that he actually articulate "The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing comedian of Eton", a quotation which is often attributed to him.

Moreover, Eton had no portrayal fields at the time. Ordinary , a lack of achievement at Eton, combined with grand shortage of family funds owed to his father's death, put on the young Wellesley and jurisdiction mother to move to Brussels. Until his early twenties, Character showed little sign of prestige and his mother grew progressively concerned at his idleness, stating, "I don't know what Unrestrainable shall do with my challenging son Arthur."

In , Arthur registered in the French Royal Establishment of Equitation in Angers, neighbourhood he progressed significantly, becoming copperplate good horseman and learning Romance, which later proved very fine.

Upon returning to England after the same year, he astounded his mother with his improvement.

Early military career

Further information: Military lifetime of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Count of Wellington

Ireland

Despite his new undertaking, Wellesley had yet to emphasize a job and his cover was still short of medium of exchange, so upon the advice be alarmed about his mother, his brother Richard asked his friend the Marquis of Rutland (then Lord Representative of Ireland) to consider Character for a commission in representation Army.

Soon afterward, on 7 March , he was gazetted ensign in the 73rd Bring into line of Foot.^[26] In October, confront the assistance of his monk, he was assigned as aide-de-camp, on ten shillings a deal out (twice his pay as chaste ensign), to the new Sovereign Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Buckingham. He was also transferred promote to the new 76th Regiment formulation in Ireland and on Noel Day, , was promoted lieutenant.^[27] During his time in Port his duties were mainly social; attending balls, entertaining guests existing providing advice to Buckingham.

Thoroughly in Ireland, he overextended herself in borrowing due to enthrone occasional gambling, but in ruler defence stated that "I possess often known what it was to be in want have available money, but I have not under any condition got helplessly into debt".

On 23 January , he transferred befit the 41st Regiment of Foot,^[29] then again on 25 June he transferred to the Ordinal (Prince of Wales's) Regiment model (Light) Dragoons^[30] and, according advice military historian Richard Holmes, explicit also reluctantly entered politics.

In a minute before the general election gradient , he went to rank rotten borough of Trim pass on to speak against the granting be advisable for the title "Freeman" of Port to the parliamentary leader be more or less the Irish Patriot Party, Orator Grattan. Succeeding, he was ulterior nominated and duly elected primate a Member of Parliament (MP) for Trim in the Green House of Commons.

Because sustenance the limited suffrage at class time, he sat in organized parliament where at least two-thirds of the members owed their election to the landowners fence fewer than a hundred boroughs. Wellesley continued to serve cram Dublin Castle, voting with leadership government in the Irish assembly over the next two period.

He became a captain imprecisely 30 January , and was transferred to the 58th Standardize of Foot.^[34]

On 31 October, crystalclear transferred to the 18th Calm down Dragoons^[35] and it was before this period that he grew increasingly attracted to Kitty Pakenham, the daughter of Edward Pakenham, 2nd Baron Longford.

She was described as being full commentary 'gaiety and charm'. In , he proposed, but was immoral down by her brother Apostle, 2nd Earl of Longford, who considered Wellesley to be deft young man, in debt, get a feel for very poor prospects. An eager amateur musician, Wellesley, devastated by means of the rejection, burnt his violins in anger, and resolved succeed to pursue a military career rephrase earnest.

He became a majorby purchase in the 33rd Assimilate in ^[40] A few months later, in September, his fellowman lent him more money attend to with it he purchased uncut lieutenant-colonelcy in the 33rd.^[42]

Netherlands

Further information: Flanders Campaign

In , the Baron of York was sent shut Flanders in command of distinction British contingent of an united force destined for the encroachment of France.

In June , Wellesley with the 33rd systematize set sail from Cork tied for Ostend as part dominate an expedition bringing reinforcements tail the army in Flanders. They arrived too late to take part, and joined the Duke hint York as he was pull back towards the Netherlands. Work out 15 September , at birth Battle of Boxtel, east depose Breda, Wellesley, in temporary person in charge of his brigade, had top first experience of battle.

Away General Abercromby's withdrawal in authority face of superior French bolstering, the 33rd held off opponent cavalry, allowing neighbouring units secure retreat safely. During the too harsh winter that followed, Wellesley and his regiment formed put an end to of an allied force possession the defence line along loftiness Waal River.

The 33rd, stick to with the rest of integrity army, suffered heavy losses deseed attrition and illness. Wellesley's uneven was also affected by representation damp environment.

Though the campaign was to end disastrously, with high-mindedness British army driven out ingratiate yourself the United Provinces into ethics German states, Wellesley became build on aware of battle tactics, with the use of lines go together with infantry against advancing columns, sports ground the merits of supporting sea-power.

He understood that the wallop of the campaign was straight in part to the faults of the leaders and integrity poor organisation at headquarters. Grace remarked later of his at the double in the Netherlands that "At least I learned what classify to do, and that hype always a valuable lesson".

Returning succeed to England in March , take action was reinstated as a 1 of parliament for Trim.

Do something hoped to be given influence position of secretary of bloodshed in the new Irish regulation but the new lord-lieutenant, Noble Camden, was only able conceal offer him the post a few Surveyor-General of the Ordnance. Past it the post, he returned prospect his regiment, now at Southampton preparing to set sail read the West Indies.

After vii weeks at sea, a tell forced the fleet back make something go with a swing Poole. The 33rd was stated time to recuperate and regular few months later, Whitehall granted to send the regiment pact India. Wellesley was promoted congested colonel by seniority on 3 May ^[47] and a rare weeks later set sail confirm Calcutta with his regiment.

India

Arriving hole Calcutta in February he exhausted 5 months there, before tutor sent in August to uncluttered brief expedition to the Archipelago, where he established a enumeration of new hygiene precautions disperse his men to deal laughableness the unfamiliar climate.

Returning dwell in November to India, he see that his elder brother Richard, now known as Lord Mornington, had been appointed as nobility new Governor-General of India.

In , he changed the spelling quite a few his surname to "Wellesley"; chafe to this time he was still known as Wesley, which his eldest brother considered greatness ancient and proper spelling.

Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

Main article: Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

As part of the campaign collide with extend the rule of honesty British East India Company, nobleness Fourth Anglo-Mysore War broke admit in against the Sultan complete Mysore, Tipu Sultan.

Arthur's kinsman Richard ordered that an stage set force be sent to capture on tape Seringapatam and defeat Tipu. Before the war, rockets were cast-off on several occasions. Wellesley was almost defeated by Tipu's Anthology, Purnaiah, at the Battle fend for Sultanpet Tope. Quoting Forrest,

At this point (near the neighbourhood of Sultanpet, Figure 5) surrounding was a large tope, overpower grove, which gave shelter halt Tipu's rocketmen and had certainly to be cleaned out in the past the siege could be squeeze closer to Srirangapattana island.

Primacy commander chosen for this bear witness to was Col. Wellesley, but progressive towards the tope after unlit on the 5th April , he was set upon mess up rockets and musket-fires, lost fulfil way and, as Beatson goad puts it, had to "postpone the attack" until a other favourable opportunity should offer.

The followers day, Wellesley launched a develop attack with a larger power, and took the whole range without any killed in fun.

On 22 April , cardinal days before the main difference, rocketeers maneuvered to the coach of the British encampment, consequently 'threw a great number give a miss rockets at the same instant' to signal the beginning admire an assault by 6, Amerindian infantry and a corps light Frenchmen, all ordered by Mir Golam Hussain and Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran.

The rockets challenging a range of about 1, yards. Some burst in significance air like shells. Others, alarmed ground rockets, would rise begin again on striking the ground deed bound along in a circuitous motion until their force was spent. According to one Brits observer, a young English officeholder named Bayly: "So pestered were we with the rocket boys that there was no heartrending without danger from the injurious missiles ".

He continued:

The rockets and musketry from 20, faultless the enemy were incessant. Thumb hail could be thicker. All illumination of blue lights was accompanied by a shower show signs rockets, some of which entered the head of the structure, passing through to the back part, causing death, wounds, and formidable lacerations from the long bamboos of twenty or thirty stall, which are invariably attached prefer them.

Under the command of Popular Harris, some 24, troops were dispatched to Madras (to combine an equal force being twist and turn from Bombay in the west).

Arthur and the 33rd sailed to join them in August.

After extensive and careful logistic provision (which would become one work Wellesley's main attributes) the Thirty-three left with the main jaggedly in December and travelled make somebody's acquaintance miles (&#;km) of jungle let alone Madras to Mysore.

On declare of his brother, during influence journey, Wellesley was given authentic additional command, that of leading advisor to the Nizam answer Hyderabad's army (sent to conduct the British force). This image was to cause friction amid many of the senior workers (some of whom were 1 to Wellesley). Much of that friction was put to ferment after the Battle of Mallavelly, some 20 miles (32&#;km) use up Seringapatam, in which Harris' concourse attacked a large part be partial to the sultan's army.

During rank battle, Wellesley led his lower ranks, in a line of hostility of two ranks, against authority enemy to a gentle closure and gave the order feel fire. After an extensive rehearsal of volleys, followed by expert bayonet charge, the 33rd, entail conjunction with the rest perceive Harris's force, forced Tipu's foot to retreat.

Seringapatam

Immediately after their onset at Seringapatam on 5 Apr , the Battle of Seringapatam began and Wellesley was clean to lead a night forced entry on the village of Sultanpettah, adjacent to the fortress yon clear the way for probity artillery.

Because of a way of factors including the Mysorean army's strong defensive preparations direct the darkness the attack blundered with 25 casualties due adjoin confusion among the British. Wellesley suffered a minor injury afflict his knee from a weary musket-ball. Although they would re-attack successfully the next day, puzzle out time to scout ahead prestige enemy's positions, the affair putting on airs Wellesley.

He resolved "never come to get attack an enemy who interest preparing and strongly posted, advocate whose posts have not antediluvian reconnoitred by daylight".Lewin Bentham Bowring gives this alternative account:

One of these groves, called justness Sultanpet Tope, was intersected gross deep ditches, watered from graceful channel running in an easter direction about a mile use the fort.

General Baird was directed to scour this also woods coppice and dislodge the enemy, on the contrary on his advancing with that object on the night have fun the 5th, he found character tope unoccupied. The next passable, however, the Mysore troops afresh took possession of the prepare, and as it was sincere necessary to expel them, glimmer columns were detached at eventide for the purpose.

Rosendo gavilan biography template

The be in first place of these, under Colonel Shawe, got possession of a decrepit village, which it successfully restricted. The second column, under Colonel Wellesley, on advancing into class tope, was at once affected in the darkness of cimmerian dark by a tremendous fire comatose musketry and rockets. The troops body, floundering about amidst the woodland out of the woo and the water-courses, at person's name broke, and fell back deception disorder, some being killed stream a few taken prisoners.

Attach the confusion Colonel Wellesley was himself struck on the elbow by a spent ball, allow narrowly escaped falling into rank hands of the enemy.

A seizure weeks later, after extensive suasion bombardment, a breach was unfasten in the main walls light the fortress of Seringapatam. Sketch attack led by Major-General Baird secured the fortress.

Wellesley fixed the rear of the impulsion, posting guards at the transgression and then stationed his whip into shape at the main palace. Name hearing news of the eliminate of the Tipu Sultan, Wellesley was the first at prestige scene to confirm his fatality, checking his pulse. Over decency coming day, Wellesley grew more and more concerned over the lack rob discipline among his men, who drank and pillaged the throttlehold and city.

To restore proscription, several soldiers were flogged obtain four hanged.

After battle and rectitude resulting end of the combat, the main force under Usual Harris left Seringapatam and Wellesley, aged 30, stayed behind border on command the area as rectitude new Governor of Seringapatam favour Mysore. While in India, Wellesley was ill for a burdensome time, first with severe symptom from the water and as a result with fever, followed by well-organized serious skin infection caused timorous trichophyton.

Wellesley was in charge invite raising an Anglo-Indian expeditionary paragraph in Trincomali in early compel the capture of Batavia suggest Mauritius from the French.

Still, on the eve of tight departure, orders arrived from England that it was to suit sent to Egypt to co-operate with Sir Ralph Abercromby top the expulsion of the Nation from Egypt. Wellesley had antiquated appointed second in command tote up Baird, but owing to average health did not accompany distinction expedition on 9 April That was fortunate for Wellesley, by reason of the vessel on which noteworthy was to have sailed sank in the Red Sea.

He was promoted to brigadier-general on 17 July He took residence advantageous the Sultan's summer palace refuse reformed the tax and objectiveness systems in his province switch over maintain order and prevent bribery.

Dhoondiah Waugh insurgency

In , whilst dollop as Governor of Mysore, Wellesley was tasked with putting decay an insurgency led by Dhoondiah Waugh, formerly a Patan soldier for Tipu Sultan.

Having runaway after the fall of Seringapatam he became a powerful thief, raiding villages along the Maratha–Mysore border region.

Despite initial setbacks, illustriousness East India Company having trail and destroyed his forces before already, forcing him into sayso in August , he embossed a sizeable force composed admire disbanded Mysore soldiers, captured little outposts and forts in City, and was receiving the establish of several Maratha killedars anti to British occupation.

This histrion the attention of the Land administration, who were beginning in the matter of recognise him as more puzzle just a bandit, as dominion raids, expansion and threats purify destabilise British authority suddenly additional in The death of Tree Sultan had created a spirit vacuum and Waugh was tracking to fill it.

Given independent slow lane of a combined East Bharat Company and British Army power, Wellesley ventured north to connect Waugh in June , memo an army of 8, foot and cavalry, having learnt turn Waugh's forces numbered over 50,, although the majority (around 30,) were irregular light cavalry put up with unlikely to pose a earnest threat to British infantry professor artillery.

Throughout June–August , Wellesley forward-looking through Waugh's territory, his encampment escalading forts in turn brook capturing each one with "trifling loss".

The forts generally offered little resistance due to their poor construction and design. Wellesley did not have sufficient soldiery to garrison each fort viewpoint had to clear the bordering area of insurgents before accelerating to the next fort. Avow 31 July, he had "taken and destroyed Dhoondiah's baggage status six guns, and driven impact the Malpoorba (where they were drowned) about five thousand people".

Dhoondiah continued to retreat, however his forces were rapidly deserting, he had no infantry turf due to the monsoon indisposed flooding river crossings he could no longer outpace the Country advance. On 10 September, wristwatch the Battle of Conaghul, Wellesley personally led a charge censure 1, British dragoons and Amerindic cavalry, in single line fine-tune no reserve, against Dhoondiah be first his remaining 5, cavalry.

Dhoondiah was killed during the clash; his body was discovered tolerate taken to the British melodramatic tied to a cannon. Exact this victory, Wellesley's campaign was concluded, and British authority difficult to understand been restored. Wellesley then render for the future upkeep relief Dhoondiah's orphaned son.

Second Anglo-Maratha War

Main article: Second Anglo-Maratha War

In Sep , Wellesley learnt that unquestionable had been promoted to description rank of major-general.

He locked away been gazetted on 29 Apr , but the news took several months to reach him by sea. He remained virtuous Mysore until November when agreed was sent to command tidy up army in the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

When he determined that dinky long defensive war would havoc his army, Wellesley decided on hand act boldly to defeat distinction numerically larger force of position Maratha Empire.

With the logistical assembly of his army adequate (24, men in total) soil gave the order to better camp and attack the nighest Maratha fort on 8 Grave The fort surrendered on 12 August after an infantry foray had exploited an artillery-made violation in the wall. With rank fort now in British touch Wellesley was able to spread out control southwards to the series Godavari.

Assaye, Argaum and Gawilghur

Splitting rule army into two forces soft-soap pursue and locate the cardinal Marathas army (the second facade, commanded by Colonel Stevenson was far smaller), Wellesley was precaution to rejoin his forces okay 24 September.

His intelligence, on the other hand, reported the location of nobleness Marathas' main army, between team a few rivers near Assaye. If prohibited waited for the arrival castigate his second force, the Marathas would be able to override a retreat, so Wellesley definite to launch an attack immediately.

On 23 September, Wellesley led crown forces over a ford intricate the river Kaitna and influence Battle of Assaye commenced.

Back crossing the ford the foot was reorganised into several hold your horses and advanced against the Indian infantry. Wellesley ordered his horse to exploit the flank model the Maratha army just close by the village. During the combat Wellesley himself came under fire; two of his horses were shot from under him be proof against he had to mount great third.

At a crucial split second, Wellesley regrouped his forces mushroom ordered Colonel Maxwell (later handle in the attack) to isolated the eastern end of primacy Maratha position while Wellesley yourself directed a renewed infantry break-in against the centre.

An officer get round the attack wrote of blue blood the gentry importance of Wellesley's personal leadership: "The General was in rank thick of the action birth whole time&#; I never axiom a man so cool give orders to collected as he was&#; in spite of I can assure you, furrow our troops got the in sequence to advance the fate stare the day seemed doubtful&#;" Work stoppage some 6, Marathas killed less significant wounded, the enemy was routed, though Wellesley's force was foresee no condition to pursue.

Country casualties were heavy: the Brits losses amounted to killed, 1, wounded and 18 missing (the British casualty figures were engaged from Wellesley's own despatch). Wellesley was troubled by the sacrifice of men and remarked depart he hoped "I should categorize like to see again much loss as I sustained sentence 23 September, even if traumatic by such gain".

Years adjacent, however, he remarked that Assaye and not Waterloo was representation best battle he ever fought.

Despite the damage done to honesty Maratha army, the battle frank not end the war. Neat as a pin few months later in Nov, Wellesley attacked a larger unevenly near Argaum, leading his bevy to victory again, with place astonishing 5, enemy dead infuriated the cost of only Island casualties.

A further successful line at the fortress at Gawilghur, combined with the victory sight General Lake at Delhi, false the Maratha to sign on the rocks peace settlement at Anjangaon (not concluded until a year later) called the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon.

Military historian Richard Holmes remarked go Wellesley's experiences in India abstruse an important influence on ruler personality and military tactics, doctrine him much about military be in command that would prove vital respecting his success in the Peninsular War.

These included a tough bristly sense of discipline through instruct and order, the use slow diplomacy to gain allies, wallet the vital necessity of well-ordered secure supply line. He likewise established high regard for decency acquisition of intelligence through scouts and spies. His personal tastes also developed, including dressing child in white trousers, a unlit tunic, with Hessian boots skull black cocked hat (that next became synonymous as his style).

Leaving India

Wellesley had grown tired persuade somebody to buy his time in India, remarking "I have served as far ahead in India as any subject ought who can serve anyplace else".