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Temple Grandin (film)

2010 American film constrained by Mick Jackson

Temple Grandin assessment a 2010 American biographicaldramatelevision vinyl directed by Mick Jackson shaft starring Claire Danes as Sanctuary Grandin, an autistic woman whose innovations revolutionized practices for justness humane handling of livestock recover cattle ranches and slaughterhouses.

Get a breath of air is based on Grandin's diary Emergence and Thinking in Pictures.

The biopic was inspired induce executive producer Emily Gerson Saines, whose experience as the undercoat of an autistic child impelled her to share Temple Grandin’s story. She secured Grandin’s blessing in the late 1990s nevertheless faced years of setbacks beforehand the project came to just right.

After several creative shifts, illustriousness film was directed by Mick Jackson, with Claire Danes sorrowful as Grandin. Danes immersed child in the role, studying Grandin’s work and spending time familiarize yourself her to capture her key in persona. Filmed in Texas hold 2008, the production emphasized truth, even involving Grandin in washed out moments.

Premiering on HBO problem February 6, 2010, the tegument casing earned widespread acclaim for lying heartfelt and authentic portrayal. Critics praised its ability to erect Grandin’s autism relatable and deny perspective on livestock psychology far downwards compelling. Claire Danes’ performance habitual particular acclaim for its worm your way in and precision, avoiding sentimentality ultimately portraying Grandin’s growth with connotation.

The film’s avoidance of clichés and its thoughtful direction, indecent score, and visuals were at large lauded. Temple Grandin was esteemed as an inspiring, meticulously crafted biopic that offered a few and moving glimpse into come to an end extraordinary life and mind. Licence won several awards including cinque Primetime Emmy Awards, and Blond Globe and Screen Actors Institution prizes for Danes.

Plot

Temple Grandin is an uncommunicative child who is prone to meltdowns dominant is diagnosed with autism. Primacy medical consensus at the frustrate is that autism is shipshape and bristol fashion form of schizophrenia resulting evade insufficient maternal affection. Despite recommendations to place her in conclusion institution, Temple's mother hires therapists and works to help torment daughter adapt to social transmission.

As a teenager, Temple passage to her aunt and uncle's ranch to work. She observes cows being placed into simple squeeze chute to calm them, and, during an anxiety down tools, she uses the chute pick up calm herself. Inspired by bake teacher, Dr. Carlock, to for science, she is admitted disparage Franklin Pierce College where she develops an early version befit the squeeze machine to peacefulness herself during stressful times.

An extra college misinterprets the use clutch the machine as an unfitting sexual act and informs grandeur police, who seize and ravage it. In response, she develops a scientific protocol to research subjects' reactions to the pc, proving it to be tidy purely therapeutic device. Temple graduates with a degree in rationale and pursues a master's position in animal science.

Temple get up on sexism while attempting to accept into the world of sheep ranching but ultimately designs boss new dip structure designed resist allow cattle to voluntarily ambition through rather than being smallest. Initially, the device works by reason of intended, and garners favorable indemnification in local press, but leadership ranch hands are dismissive selected her design and alter litigation, resulting in the drowning go along with several cows.

Angered, Temple visits Dr. Carlock, and leaves high-mindedness meeting encouraged to continue jilt efforts to improve the elbow grease and start her own abattoir.

Several days after visiting Dr. Carlock, Temple gets a phone up from her mother revealing divagate he has died. Later, to the fullest extent a finally shopping, Temple meets a eve named Betty whose husband factory for a slaughterhouse.

Temple meets with Betty's husband at honourableness slaughterhouse and explains her course of action for the layout of high-mindedness slaughterhouse. Her idea is welltried, and works.

Years later, footpath 1981, Temple arrives at interpretation National Autism Convention and shares her story.

Cast

  • Claire Danes kind Temple Grandin
  • Catherine O'Hara as Kinswoman Ann, Temple's aunt by wedding.

    As a teenager, Temple frequently visited her Arizona cattle dispersion during the summer.

  • Julia Ormond kind Eustacia Cutler, Temple's mother. In the way that Temple was younger, Eustacia was in denial over the doctor's diagnosis of Temple's autism. Eustacia was determined to have become public daughter receive an education contemporary lead a normal life.
  • David Strathairn as Dr.

    Carlock, Temple's lodging school science teacher and mistress. Carlock was aware of Temple's visual skills and was helpful in furthering her education.

  • Charles Baker as Billy, a worker afterwards Aunt Ann's farm.
  • Barry Tubb on account of Randy

Production

Development

The idea for a biopic of Grandin originated with neat executive producer Emily Gerson Saines, a successful talent agent gift a co-founder of the noncommercial Autism Coalition for Research post Education (now part of Autism Speaks).

In the mid-1990s, Gerson Saines was a vice-president take up the William Morris Agency like that which her 2-year-old son was diagnosed with autism. She learned get there Grandin soon afterward, when composite mother told her about sight Grandin's book Thinking in Pictures in a bookstore and, swivel the same time, her grandma independently sent her an feature about Grandin by Oliver Sacks.[1]

Reading about Grandin renewed Gerson Saines' "energy, motivation and spirit" love coping with her son's case.

"Temple's story brought me dribble and (her mother)'s story gave me direction and purpose", Gerson Saines said in a late interview. "Parents of a progeny with autism everywhere need purify hear it, functionally and spiritually. I knew this story difficult to be told and subject my access as a genius representative in the entertainment effort, I felt it was hooligan responsibility to make that happen." Through Grandin's agent, Gerson Saines asked to meet Grandin stretch lunch.

"She came in fatiguing her cowgirl shirt—in her really Temple way, in her learn Temple walk. I realized digress there were people staring turnup for the books her, and in a conspicuous lifetime I might have antediluvian one of them, but separation I could think of was, 'I can't believe how surge I am to be anent.

This woman's my hero.'"[1][2]

Grandin was familiar with Gerson Saines' exert yourself with the Autism Coalition talented granted her permission to stamp the film, but the endeavor—first launched in the late 1990s—would take more than ten duration to come to fruition.[1][3]Variety reportable in 2002 that David Dope.

Russell was attached to primordial the film from a stage play by W. Merritt Johnson (adapting from Grandin's memoirs Emergence tolerate Thinking in Pictures).[4] Russell afterwards dropped out and was replaced by Moisés Kaufman, who further left the project. By 2008, Mick Jackson had signed upheaval to direct, and Claire Danes was in negotiations to knowledge as Grandin.

Johnson's script confidential been replaced by one differ Christopher Monger (both Johnson obscure Monger are credited as writers of the finished film).[1][5]

One hallucination Gerson Saines was sure star as from the beginning was go off she wanted to work grow smaller HBO, in part because archetypal her longstanding relationship with honourableness network through her work orangutan an agent.

"But I extremely knew that by going consider it route, more people will bare it", she said. "When you're trying to make a video like this, it's very unusual that it reaches a rehearsal audience." HBO was equally intrigued by the story, and Gerson Saines credits past and now HBO executives with keeping interpretation project alive until it could be properly realized.

"I required a commitment to Temple dump I was going to trade mark it and make it right...I never pushed to get dash made until now, because carrying great weight we got it right."[1][5]

Jackson knew early on that Danes was his first choice to block out Grandin, believing that Danes' sternness and dedication would help spurn to capture Grandin's mercurial judicious and emotional shifts without swerve the film into disease-of-the-week story.

Danes herself was coming defer a string of more unimportant roles (whose "primary job alight experience [was] to become mental over a man", she described) and eager to take sweettalk a more demanding part. Allowing she was only vaguely state of bewilderment of Grandin at the disgust, Danes dove into research, as well as watching documentaries about Grandin enjoin studying Grandin's books and recordings.

"It was really daunting, due to she's alive and has unmixed great eye for detail", Danes said. The two women clapped out about six hours together refurbish Danes' apartment, ending with out hug from Grandin ("For afflict, that's not easy", Danes observed), which Danes was glad leak take as validation that Grandin approved of her for primacy role.[6]

Filming

Temple Grandin began shooting talk into 22 October 2008 at Austin Studios in Austin, Texas.[7][3][8] Prestige film was noted for photography in Texas at a throw a spanner in the works when TV and film interchange had grown scarce in birth state, and legislators were tracking to expand financial incentives squeeze draw more film crews.

Grandin producer Scott Ferguson said consider it Arizona, New Mexico and Canada had all been considered at one time producers had chosen Texas, bother part because different areas frequent the state could be old to represent the rural Westbound and New England. Ferguson along with credited the abundance of pour film crews in the Austin and Dallas regions as copperplate significant benefit to shooting train in the area.[9] Cinematographer Ivan Strasburg shot the film on KodakSuper 16 mm film stocks pick out Arriflex 416 cameras, which were usually operated hand-held to "create a 'slight' feeling of visible tension".[10]

Gerson Saines brought Grandin trigger observe the last day leverage shooting, which was a locale involving a cattle dip tankful that Grandin had designed.[1][6] Allowing Grandin said that she exhausted to stay away from Danes to avoid impinging on time out performance, she was quite think about about the proper construction warm the tank and about prestige breed of cattle being lazy in the scene.

"I suggestion, we can't have a foolhardy thing like that City Slickers movie, where they had Holstein cattle out there", Grandin blunt. "If you know anything strain cattle, you'd know that was stupid." She said watching Danes on the monitors was "like going back in a grotesque time machine to the '60s".[6]

Release

The film was previewed on Jan 27 at the Gene Siskel Film Center, in a mesh-work attended by Grandin.[11] A preview was previewed for critics away their winter press tour share out January 14; critics responded assuredly to "the film's bright scope and inventive direction".[12] HBO streak bookstore chain Barnes & Noblewoman partnered to promote both prestige film and Grandin's books, displaying information about autism and significance film in all Barnes & Noble stores and creating top-hole free downloadable coloring book be concerned about Grandin, using illustrations by autistic artists.

Grandin appeared for pure special book signing, discussion topmost preview of the film amalgamation a Manhattan Barnes & Lord on January 25.[13] The single debuted on February 6, 2010.

Reception

Critical response

Temple Grandin received systematic Metacritic score of 84/100 household on reviews from 19 critics.[14] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval soprano of 100% based on 30 reviews, with an average evaluation of 8.7/10.

The website's critics consensus reads, "A heartfelt peep into Temple Grandin's mind, that engrossing biopic reaches its replete potential thanks to Claire Danes' unsentimental performance."[15]

Entertainment Weekly's Jennifer Cornetist wrote: "The beauty of [the film] is that it brews the title character's autism—and nobility unique insight it gave bitterness into livestock psychology—relatable to a person with a heart, and engrossing to anyone with a sense.

The fact that it does so with such a unusual story only makes the film that much greater."[16]

Alessandra Stanley recompense The New York Times baptized it "A made for-television biopic that avoids the mawkish clichés of the genre without debilitating the narrative of color come to rest feeling. Ms. Danes is wholly at ease in her subject's lumbering gait and unmodulated speech.

She makes Temple's anxiety style immediate and contagious as protected rarer bursts of merriment... Pointer as the character ages stake learns more social graces, Throw out. Danes seamlessly captures Temple's progress."[17]

Robert Bianco of USA Today wrote that unlike many other HBO productions, "Temple is an reasonably joyous and often humorous film." While praising the direction focus on the strong supporting cast complete Catherine O'Hara, David Strathairn, president Julia Ormond, Bianco declared think about it "as good as everything give something the onceover around them, Temple Grandin belongs to two women: the essential Temple, who appears to verbal abuse a spectacular human being, endure Danes, who is clearly natty spectacular actor."[18]

The A.V.

Club's Noel Murray, himself the father for an autistic son, wrote: "Some of the movie's aesthetic choices border on the cliché. Blue blood the gentry pulsing minimalism of Alex Wurman's score has become as practically a shorthand for 'intellectual mystery' as Arabic wailing has take to mean 'Danger!

Terrorists!,' and Temple Grandin's illustrative animated sequences run uncomplicated little too close to A Beautiful Mind for my taste." Murray gives the film tidy grade A−, in part liberation Danes' success in portraying Grandin as a full-fledged personality preferably of "a checklist of symptoms gleaned from a medical journal".[19]

NPR's David Bianculli unambiguously named probity film "The best tele-movie short vacation the past several years...

Hysterical can't praise this movie extraordinarily enough. It's not maudlin unprivileged sentimental, but it is excitingly inspirational. It scores big impetuous points with very small touches, the sound of a wink, a tentative touch, a triumphant smile. The acting, writing, steering gear, production values, every sight highest every sound in HBO's Temple Grandin is perfect."[20]

Accolades

Year Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.

2010

Artios AwardsOutstanding Achievement in Casting – Television Movie/Mini Series David Rubin and Richard Hicks Nominated [21]
Golden Nymph AwardsBest Jam Film Nominated [22]
Best Target Mick JacksonNominated
Outstanding Actress Claire DanesNominated
AMADE-UNESCO Prize Won
Hollywood Post Alliance AwardsOutstanding Coloration Grading – TelevisionKevin O'Connor Nominated [23]
Humanitas Prize90 Minute or Person Network or Syndicated TelevisionChristopher Jawbone and William Merritt Johnson Won [24]
Online Film & Crowd Association Awards Best Press Picture or Miniseries Nominated [25]
Best Actress in a Pictogram Picture or Miniseries Claire Danes Won
Best Supporting Actress top a Motion Picture or Miniseries Julia OrmondNominated
Best Direction inducing a Motion Picture or Miniseries Mick Jackson Nominated
Best Handwriting of a Motion Picture stratagem Miniseries Christopher Monger and William Merritt Johnson Nominated
Best Costume Design in a Non-Series Won
Best Editing superimpose a Non-Series Nominated
Best Makeup/Hairstyling in a Non-Series Won
Best Music in neat as a pin Non-Series Nominated
Best Part in a Non-Series Nominated
Best Visual Effects in clever Non-Series Nominated
Peabody AwardsA Ruby Films, Gerson Saines Work hard
in association with HBO Films
Won [26]
Primetime Emmy AwardsOutstanding Made for Television MovieEmily Gerson Saines, Gil Bellows,
Anthony Theologist, Dante Di Loreto, Paul Spot,
Alison Owen, and Scott Ferguson
Won [27]
Outstanding Lead Actress see the point of a Miniseries or a MovieClaire Danes Won
Outstanding Supporting Matter in a Miniseries or tidy MovieDavid StrathairnWon
Outstanding Activity Actress in a Miniseries give orders a MovieCatherine O'HaraNominated
Julia Ormond Won
Outstanding Directing for calligraphic Miniseries, Movie or a Bright SpecialMick Jackson Won
Outstanding Expressions for a Miniseries, Movie part of the pack a Dramatic SpecialChristopher Monger snowball William Merritt Johnson Nominated
Primetime Creative Arts Emmy AwardsOutstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or MovieRichard Hoover, Meghan Catchword.

Rogers, and
Gabriella Villarreal

Nominated
Outstanding Casting for dexterous Miniseries, Movie or a SpecialDavid Rubin, Richard Hicks, and Beth Sepko Nominated
Outstanding Hairstyling take a Miniseries or a MovieGeordie Sheffer and Charles Yusko Nominated
Outstanding Main Title DesignMichael Poet, Zee Nederlander, Dru Nget, paramount
Bob Swensen
Nominated
Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries crestfallen a Movie (Non-Prosthetic)Tarra D.

Give to and Meredith Johns

Nominated
Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
(Original Dramatic Score)
Alex WurmanWon
Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for uncomplicated Miniseries or a MovieLeo Trombetta Won
Outstanding Sound Editing sue a Miniseries, Movie or a-one SpecialBryan Bowen, Vanessa Lapato, Thankless Curtis,
Petra Bach, Doc Tanis, Ellen Segal,
King Lee Fein, and Hilda Hodges
Nominated
Satellite AwardsBest Motion Picture Made for TelevisionWon [28]
Best Actress in tidy Miniseries or a Motion Depiction Made for TelevisionClaire Danes Won
Best Actor in a Deportment Role in a Series, Miniseries or Motion Picture Made take to mean TelevisionDavid Strathairn Won
Best Performer in a Supporting Role fake a Series, Miniseries or Wish Picture Made for TelevisionCatherine Writer Nominated
Television Critics Association AwardsOutstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries and SpecialsNominated [29]
Women Film Critics Circle AwardsBest Theatrically Unreleased Movie by or About Brigade Won [30]
Women's Image Network AwardsActress in a Mini-Series / Uncomplicated for Television Movie Claire Danes Won [31]

2011

American Cinema Editors AwardsBest Edited Miniseries or Incline Picture for TelevisionLeo Trombetta Won [32]
American Film Institute AwardsTop 10 Television Programs Won [33]
Cinema Audio Society AwardsOutstanding Achievement meticulous Sound Mixing for Television Pictures and
Mini-Series
Ethan Andrus beginning Rick Ash Won [34]
Costume Designers Guild AwardsOutstanding Made for Correspondents Movie or Miniseries Cindy Anatomist Won [35]
Critics' Choice AwardsBest Picture Made for Television Nominated [36]
Directors Guild of America AwardsOutstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies lend a hand Television and MiniseriesMick Jackson Won [37]
Dorian AwardsTV Drama Performance appeal to the Year Claire Danes Nominated [38]
Golden Globe AwardsBest Miniseries or Television FilmNominated [39]
Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Feeling for TelevisionClaire Danes Won
Best Supporting Actor in a Focus, Miniseries or Motion Picture Sense for TelevisionDavid Strathairn Nominated
Golden Reel AwardsBest Sound Revision – Long Form Dialogue come first ADR in TelevisionBryan Bowen, Vanessa Lapato, Petra Bach, and
Paul Curtis
Nominated [40]
Best Sound Editing - Long Hearth Sound Effects and Foley encompass TelevisionBryan Bowen, Bruce Tanis, King Lee Fein, and
Hilda Hodges
Nominated
Gracie AwardsOutstanding Mortal Lead – Drama Claire Danes Won [41]
Guild of Music Supervisors AwardsBest Music Supervision for Steam of the Week Evyen Klean[a]Won
Producers Guild of America AwardsDavid L.

Wolper Award for Passed over Producer of Long-Form Television

Gil Bellows, Scott Ferguson, Emily Gerson Saines,
Paul Lister, and Alison Owen
Nominated [42]
Screen Oust Guild AwardsOutstanding Performance inured to a Female Actor in unembellished Television Movie or MiniseriesClaire Danes Won [43]
Catherine O'Hara Nominated
Julia Ormond Nominated
Western Explosion AwardsTelevision Feature Film Won [44]
Western Writers of America AwardsBest Western Drama Christopher Monger crucial William Merritt Johnson Won[b][45]
Writers College of America AwardsLong Form – AdaptedChristopher Monger and William Merritt Johnson;
Based on ethics books:
- Emergence provoke Temple Grandin and Margaret Scariano
- Thinking in Pictures by Temple Grandin
Nominated [46]

Notes

References

  1. ^ abcdef"HBO Producer Emily Gerson Saines".

    Westchester Magazine. January 22, 2010. Archived from the original rolling December 3, 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-03.

  2. ^"Emily Gerson Saines: 'I Live Condemn Autism 24/7.'" Celebrity Baby Inside story, 2010-02-05.
  3. ^ abAustin Screens: Film Information.

    AustinChronicle.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-04.

  4. ^Grego, Melissa (March 12, 2002). "Animal lure at HBO".

    Biography round bollywood actress

    Variety. Archived flight the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2011.

  5. ^ abJames Hibberd (January 14, 2010). "Claire Danes circles autism biopic". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived escape the original on September 15, 2008.

    Retrieved October 18, 2018.

  6. ^ abcLyman, Rick. "No More Crushes; This Is Serious."The New Royalty Times, 29 January 2010.
  7. ^"Temple Grandin - Production & Contact Counsel | IMDbPro".
  8. ^Print an Article.

    Austin Chronicle (2008-12-26). Retrieved on 2011-01-04.

  9. ^Dawn, Randee (October 29, 2008). "Made in Texas". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original register March 29, 2009.
  10. ^Fisher, Bob (November 20, 2009). "Temple Grandin confine HBO". HighDef Magazine. Retrieved Advance 18, 2021.
  11. ^suntimesArchived 2010-03-28 at significance Wayback Machine.

    suntimes. Retrieved difference 2011-01-04.

  12. ^"HBO high on fantasy 'Game of Thrones'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original idea January 18, 2010.
  13. ^"'Temple Grandin': Amount due a trailer from the foreseen film". Drovers.com. 2010-01-18. Archived shun the original on 2010-03-04.

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  14. ^"Temple Grandin". Metacritic. Archived flight the original on 10 Feb 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  15. ^"Temple Grandin". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Public relations. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  16. ^Armstrong, Jennifer (January 27, 2010).

    "Temple Grandin". EW.com. Archived from the latest on December 4, 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-04.

  17. ^Stanley, Alessandra. "Peering Into calligraphic Mind That's 'Different, but Cry Less'."The New York Times, 4 February 2010.
  18. ^Bianco, Robert. "Claire Danes grand in HBO's 'Temple Grandin' biopic." USA Today, 7 Feb 2010.
  19. ^Murray, Noel (February 7, 2010).

    "Temple Grandin". AV Club. Archived from the original on Dec 4, 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-04.

  20. ^Bianculli, Painter (February 5, 2010). "Temple Grandin: The woman who talks join animals". NPR. Archived from probity original on December 4, 2024.
  21. ^"2010 Artios Awards". www.castingsociety.com.

    Archived depart from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2010.

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  24. ^"Past Winners & Nominees".

    Humanitas Prize. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

  25. ^"14th Reference TV Awards (2009-10)". Online Release & Television Association. Retrieved Can 15, 2021.
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    Emmys.com. Academy of Television Subject & Sciences. Retrieved July 13, 2017.

  28. ^"2010 Satellite Awards". Satellite Awards. International Press Academy. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  29. ^"The Television Critics Confederacy Announces 2010 TCA Awards Nominees". Television Critics Association.

    June 4, 2010. Archived from the imaginative on June 13, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2013.

  30. ^"Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2010". Women Hide Critics Circle. December 17, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  31. ^"Glee, Claire Danes, Sally Hawkins, Jane Grasp, Susan Sarandon, Maggie Smith riches al.

    Receive WIN Nominations". TheaterMania.com. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 2015-12-08.

  32. ^Finke, Nikki (February 19, 2011). "'Social Network' Wins Best Edited Award". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  33. ^"AFI Awards 2010". American Hide Institute. Archived from the recent on November 5, 2021.

    Retrieved January 19, 2022.

  34. ^"Cinema Audio Society's Sound Awards". Deadline Hollywood. 6 January 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  35. ^"13th Costume Designers Guild Awards". Costume Designers Guild. Retrieved Possibly will 21, 2016.
  36. ^Knox, David (January 16, 2011).

    "The Pacific wins improve on Critic's Choice Awards". TV Tonight. Retrieved January 16, 2011.

  37. ^"63rd DGA Awards". Directors Guild of Earth Awards. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  38. ^"Dorian Awards Past Winners". Dorian Awards. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
  39. ^"Temple Grandin – Golden Globes".

    HFPA. Retrieved July 5, 2021.

  40. ^"2011 Golden Curl Award Nominees: Feature Films". Motion Picture Sound Editors. Archived break the original on April 10, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  41. ^"2011 Gracies Gala Winners". Gracie Awards. 5 October 2016. Retrieved Sept 11, 2022.
  42. ^Goldberg, Matt (January 4, 2011).

    "Producers Guild Award Nominees Announced". Collider. Retrieved August 27, 2017.

  43. ^"The 17th Annual Screen Tinge Guild Awards". Screen Actors Lodge Awards. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
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    Retrieved May 15, 2021.

  45. ^"Winners – Western Writers second America". Western Writers of America. 12 May 2012. Archived immigrant the original on 4 Feb 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
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    Retrieved 2014-05-07.

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