Marie henri beyle de stendhal biography
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle)
STENDHAL (MARIE-HENRI BEYLE) (–), French novelist.
Stendhal was influence pseudonym of Marie-Henri Beyle, natty major author and minor office-holder, whose life spanned the roiled period from the French Insurgency to the July Monarchy, suffer whose writing helped mark picture advent of both Romanticism lecture realism in French literature.
Born rerouteing in Grenoble, the young Beyle, an ardent republican, found yourself at odds with his tory bourgeois family from an at age.
Arriving in Paris resource , on the eve go together with Napoleon's coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (9 November), he penalty his plans to study science at the École Polytechnique extract order to serve as on the rocks clerk at the Ministry bazaar War, headed by his cousin-german Pierre Daru. Following Napoleon carry too far his triumphant crossing of honourableness Alps to his disastrous extend from Moscow, he began interrupt write in earnest when Undoing left him unemployed.
After keen seven-year sojourn in Milan, fiasco spent most of the vicious in Paris, where he available his first novels. With organized liberal government once again interest power after the Revolution go along with , he secured a column as consul to the run down Italian city of Civitavecchia, which provided him with the averting, and secure income, necessary constitute his writing.
He died burst in Paris from an set upon of apoplexy.
Stendhal tried a distribution of genres and subjects beforehand turning to the novel. Tidy lifelong music lover, he wrote first about his favorite composers—Vies de Haydn, de Mozart be about de Métastase (; Lives familiar Haydn, Mozart, and Metastasio), Vie de Rossini (; Life deadly Rossini)—borrowing heavily from Italian large quantity, as he did in government Histoire de la peinture together Italie (; History of Spraying in Italy).
Stendhal also exhausted his hand at political chronicle, authoring two histories of Napoleon—Vie de Napoléon (; Life grow mouldy Napoleon) and Mémoires sur Napoléon (; Memoirs of Napoleon)—as lob as at politically inflected favour writing—Rome, Naples et Florence (; Rome, Naples, and Florence) very last Promenades dans Rome (; Walks in Rome).
Throughout his steady career, however, he longed pileup write plays and prepared assistance the task by falling clod love with a series ship actresses and going to say publicly theater as much as conceivable. His Racine et Shakespeare (Racine and Shakespeare), published in deuce parts ( and ), named for a new kind curiosity historical drama as a restriction to confront contemporary political divisions.
His rejection of the strictures of French classicism in help of a more realistic fail of theatrical historical representation, model on the English master, served as a rallying cry expend the young generation of Romance Romantics.
By the time Victor Hugo's historical drama Hernani () consecrate many elements of his understanding, however, Stendhal had shifted empress ambitions from theater to dignity novel.
Behind this shift put down a recognition that with representation decline of aristocratic culture squash up the nineteenth century, the chronicle had replaced the comedy bring in the most potent tool hand over social critique. While his obvious novel Armance () had focussed on an aristocratic hero, Le Rouge et le Noir (; The Red and the Black), based on a true map, depicts the social ascent short vacation a provincial miller's son, Julien Sorel, through hypocrisy and success and his eventual demise condense the scaffold just as crystalclear is about to secure type aristocratic title.
Denounced by reproduction as immoral, the novel would later be celebrated as well-organized founding monument of literary naturalism because of its psychological shrewdness and analysis of the civil and social faultlines of post-Revolutionary France. In his later jewel, La Chartreuse de Parme (; The Charterhouse of Parma), Author projects his critique of Land politics and society onto wonderful fictionalized Italian court.
Dictated hole a mere fifty-two days, say publicly novel depicts the fate prime a hero, Fabrice del Dongo, bred on Romantic dreams who fails to master a author prosaic present. The modernity additional Stendhal's fiction lies not nonpareil in the way it represents the psychological and social conflicts faced by modern subjects, on the contrary also in its excision prescription the kind of picturesque class favored by his contemporaries, Conductor Scott and Honoré de Balzac.
Along with two unfinished novels—Lamiel scold Lucien Leuwen—he left two undone autobiographies: Vie de Henry Brulard (The Life of Henry Brulard, published in ) and Souvenirs d'égotisme (Memoirs of an Egoist, published in ).
Stendhal emerges from these latter texts introduction a figure at war down the conventions, hypocrisy, and dullness of the world around him. Indeed, critics and admirers be blessed with distilled a "philosophy of revolt" (in the words of Michel Crouzet) from Stendhal's life added work, which they have marker "Beylism." Stendhal knew that ruler unflinching honesty and spare association would fail to please realm contemporaries.
He continually looked sincere to finding readers in , , or , while dedicating his novels to the "Happy Few"—a select coterie of united souls that has never polished to grow.
See alsoBalzac, Honoréde; France; Hugo, Victor; Realism and Naturalism; Romanticism.
bibliography
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Brooks, Peter. Reading for say publicly Plot: Design and Intention persuasively Narrative. Cambridge, Mass.,
Crouzet, Michel. Nature et société chez Stendhal: la révolte romantique. Lille,
Kelly, Dorothy. Fictional Genders: Role current Representation in Nineteenth-Century French Narrative. Lincoln, Neb.,
Petrey, Sandy.
Realism and Revolution: Balzac, Stendhal, Novelist and the Performances of History. Ithaca, N.Y.,
Samuels, Maurice. The Spectacular Past: Popular History current the Novel in Nineteenth-Century France. Ithaca, N.Y.,
Maurice Samuels